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The German school of fencing (''ドイツ語:Deutsche Schule; Kunst des Fechtens''〔note that the historical term ''Fechtschule'' "school of fencing/fighting" does not refer to the "German school" but to individual fencing ''competitions'' held in the early modern period, equivalent to the English ''Prize Playings''.〕) is the historical system of combat taught in the Holy Roman Empire in the Late Medieval, Renaissance and Early Modern periods (14th to 17th centuries), as described in the Fechtbücher ("combat manuals") written at the time. The geographical center of this tradition was in what is now Southern Germany (Augsburg, Frankfurt, Nuremberg). During the period in which it was taught, it was known as the ''ドイツ語:Kunst des Fechtens'', or the "Art of Fighting".〔The Early Modern German ''fechten'' translates to the English etymological equivalent, to fight. In Modern German, ''fechten'' has come to mean "fencing", but translating ''fechten'' as "fencing" in a pre-16th century context is an anachronism; the English verb "to fence" in the sense of "fighting with swords" arises in the 1590s, in Shakespeare, in reference specifically to the Elizabethan ''Art of Defence''.〕 It comprises the techniques of the two-handed longsword, but also describes many other types of combat, notably mounted combat, unarmed grappling, fighting with polearms, with the dagger, the messer with or without buckler, and the staff. Most of the authors are, or claim to be, in the tradition of the 14th century master Johannes Liechtenauer. The earliest surviving treatise on Liechtenauer's system is contained in a manuscript dated to 1389, known as Ms. 3227a. More manuscript treatises survive from the 15th century, and during the 16th century, the system was also presented in print, notably by Joachim Meyer in 1570. The German tradition is eclipsed by the Italian school of rapier fencing by the early 17th century. However, there were scattered lines of practioners around at least until the end of the 18th century. Fencing with the German longsword has been one focus of historical European martial arts reconstruction since the late 19th century (Alfred Hutton). The term "German school of fencing" is quite misleading and can bring confusion, because there were and there are different German fencing schools. For example: both German academic fencing and the old German theatrical swordplay are both referred to today as "German school of fencing". ==History== ===Late medieval tradition=== The very first document of German heritage which shows fencing techniques is the Royal Armouries Ms. I.33, which was written around 1300. After this isolated survival, there is a gap of about a century before records of the tradition attributed to 14th-century master Johannes Liechtenauer begin to appear. The history of the German school of fencing in the tradition of master Johannes Liechtenauer spans roughly 250 years, or eight to ten generations of masters (depending on the dating of Liechtenauer), from 1350 to 1600. Our earliest source, Ms. 3227a of 1389 already mentions a number of masters, considered peers of Liechtenauer's; Hanko Döbringer, Andres Jud, Jost von der Nyssen, and Niklaus Preuss. Probably active in the early 15th century were Martin Hundsfeld and Ott Jud, but sources are sparse until the mid-15th century. The mid 15th century marks the peak and decline of the "Society of Liechtenauer" with Peter von Danzig, Sigmund Ringeck and Paulus Kal. Kal's contemporary Hans Talhoffer was possibly involved with the foundation of the Brotherhood of St. Mark who enjoyed a quasi-monopoly on teaching martial arts for the best part of a century, from 1487 until 1570. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「German school of fencing」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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